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Peter Matthiessen
Peter Matthiessen (May 22, 1927 – April 5, 2014) was an American novelist, naturalist, wilderness writer and CIA agent. A co-founder of the literary magazine ''The Paris Review'', he was a three-time National Book Award winner. He was also a prominent environmental activist. His nonfiction featured nature and travel, notably ''The Snow Leopard'' (1978) and American Indian issues and history, such as a detailed and controversial study of the Leonard Peltier case, ''In the Spirit of Crazy Horse'' (1983). His fiction was adapted for film: the early story "Travelin' Man" was made into ''The Young One'' (1960) by Luis Buñuel〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Travelin Man )〕 and the novel ''At Play in the Fields of the Lord'' (1965) into the 1991 film of the same name.
In 2008, at age 81, Matthiessen received the National Book Award for Fiction for ''Shadow Country'', a one-volume, 890-page revision of his three novels set in frontier Florida that had been published in the 1990s.〔("National Book Awards – 2008" ). National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-09. (With interview, acceptance speech by Matthiessen, and essay by Harold Augenbraum from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=2008 National Book Award Winner, Fiction )〕 According to critic Michael Dirda, "No one writes more lyrically (Matthiessen ) about animals or describes more movingly the spiritual experience of mountaintops, savannas, and the sea."〔Dirda, Michael “(An Epic of the Everglades )”, ''The New York Review of Books'', May 15, 2008.〕
Matthiessen was treated for acute leukemia for more than a year. His death came as he awaited publication of his final novel, ''In Paradise'' on April 8.〔Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher, "("Peter Matthiessen, Lyrical Writer and Naturalist, Is Dead at 86" )", "The New York Times", April 5, 2014.〕
==Early life==
Matthiessen was born in New York City to Erard A. and Elizabeth (Carey) Matthiessen. Erard, an architect, joined the Navy during World War II and helped design gunnery training devices. Later, he gave up architecture to become a spokesman and fundraiser for the Audubon Society and the Nature Conservancy. The well-to-do family lived in both New York City and Connecticut where, along with his brother, Matthiessen developed a love of animals that influenced his future work as a wildlife writer and naturalist. He attended St. Bernard's School, the Hotchkiss School, and — after briefly serving in the U.S. Navy (1945–47) – Yale University (B.A., 1950), spent his junior year at the Sorbonne. At Yale, he majored in English, published short stories (one of which won the prestigious Atlantic Prize), and studied zoology. Marrying and resolving to undertake a writer’s career, he soon moved back to Paris, where he associated with other expatriate American writers such as William Styron, James Baldwin and Irwin Shaw. There, in 1953, he became one of the founders, along with Harold L. Humes, Thomas Guinzburg, Donald Hall,and George Plimpton, of the literary magazine ''The Paris Review''. As revealed in a 2006 film, he was working for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) at the time, using the ''Review'' as his cover. In a 2008 interview with Charlie Rose, Matthiessen stated that he "invented ''The Paris Review'' as cover" for his CIA activities. He completed his novel ''Partisans'' while employed by the CIA.〔Frances Stonor Saunders, ''Who Paid the Piper?: CIA and the Cultural Cold War'', 1999, Granta, ISBN 1-86207-029-6; p. 246. (USA: ''The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters'', 2000, The New Press, ISBN 1-56584-596-X)〕 He returned to the U.S. in 1954, leaving Plimpton (a childhood friend of his) in charge of the ''Review''. Matthiessen divorced in 1956 and began traveling extensively.
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